Iindlela zezithuthi zombane: i-2023 iya kuba ngunyaka wokuchitha amanzi kwizithuthi ezinzima

Ingxelo yakutshanje esekelwe kwizibikezelo ze-futurist uLars Thomsen ubonisa ikamva lezithuthi zombane ngokuchonga iindlela eziphambili zeemarike.
Ngaba ukuphuhliswa kwezithuthi zombane kuyingozi?Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ombane, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokunqongophala kwezinto eziluhlaza kubangele ukuthandabuza kwikamva lezithuthi zombane.Kodwa ukuba ukhangele ukuphuhliswa kwexesha elizayo kwimarike eYurophu, e-US nase-China, izithuthi zombane zifumana umhlaba jikelele.
Ngokutsho kwedatha ye-SMMT, iyonke yokubhaliswa kwemoto entsha yase-UK kwi-2022 iya kuba yi-1.61m, apho i-267,203 izithuthi zombane ezicocekileyo (BEVs), zibalelwa kwi-16.6% yokuthengiswa kweemoto ezintsha, kunye ne-101,414 zizithuthi zeplagi.umxube.(PHEV) Ibalelwa kwi-6.3% yokuthengiswa kweemoto ezintsha.
Ngenxa yoko, iimoto zombane ezisulungekileyo ziye zaba zeyesibini i-powertrain edumileyo e-UK.Kukho malunga ne-660,000 yezithuthi zombane kunye ne-445,000 ye-plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) e-UK namhlanje.
Ingxelo yeTekhnoloji yeJuice esekelwe kwiingqikelelo ze-futurist uLars Thomsen iqinisekisa ukuba isabelo sezithuthi zombane siyaqhubeka sikhula, kungekhona nje kwiimoto, kodwa nakwizithuthi zikawonkewonke kunye nezithuthi ezinzima.Kuza kusondela isiphelo xa iibhasi zombane, iiveni kunye neeteksi ziya kuba neendleko eziphantsi kunedizili okanye izithuthi ezihamba ngepetroli.Oku kuya kwenza isigqibo sokusebenzisa imoto yombane kungekhona nje ngokusingqongileyo, kodwa kunye nezoqoqosho.
Kuza kusondela isiphelo xa iibhasi zombane, iiveni kunye neeteksi ziya kuba neendleko eziphantsi kunedizili okanye izithuthi ezihamba ngepetroli.
Nangona kunjalo, ukwenzela ukujamelana nenani elikhulayo lezithuthi zombane, kwaye ungacothi uphuhliso olongezelelweyo, inethiwekhi yokutshaja kufuneka yandiswe kakhulu.Ngokutsho koqikelelo lukaLars Thomsen, imfuno kuzo zontathu iindawo zokutshaja iziseko zophuhliso (ii-autobahns, iindawo ekufikelwa kuzo kunye namakhaya) ikhula ngokukhawuleza.
Ukukhetha isihlalo ngononophelo kunye nokukhetha isikhululo sokutshaja esifanelekileyo kwisihlalo ngasinye kubalulekile ngoku.Ukuba kuphumelele, kuya kwenzeka ukuba ufumane ingeniso kwiziseko ezingundoqo zokutshaja uluntu kungekhona ngofakelo ngokwalo, kodwa ngeenkonzo ezinxulumeneyo, ezifana nokuthengiswa kokutya neziselo kwindawo yokutshaja.
Ukujonga ukuphuhliswa kweemarike zehlabathi, kubonakala ngathi indlela yokuvelisa amandla avuselelekayo ayizange iyeke kwaye iindleko zale mithombo yamandla ziyaqhubeka nokuwa.
Sithetha nje sibeka amaxabiso kwiimarike zombane kuba umthombo wamandla omnye (irhasi yendalo) yenza umbane ubize kakhulu ngokungafaniyo (kunye nezinye izinto zethutyana ezininzi).Nangona kunjalo, imeko yangoku ayihlali isigxina, njengoko inxulumene ngokusondeleyo kwi-geopolitical and financial tension.Ngexesha eliphakathi ukuya kwelide, umbane uya kuba nexabiso eliphantsi, uhlaziyo oluninzi luya kufumaneka kwaye igridi iya kuba nobuchule ngakumbi.
Umbane uya kuba nexabiso eliphantsi, amandla ahlaziyekayo ngakumbi aya kuveliswa, kwaye uthungelwano luya kuba krelekrele ngakumbi
Isizukulwana esisasazwayo sifuna igridi ehlakaniphileyo ukwaba amandla akhoyo ngobulumko.Ekubeni izithuthi zombane zinokutshajwa kwakhona nanini na xa zingasebenzi, ziya kudlala indima ephambili ekuzinziseni igridi ngokugcina iincopho zemveliso.Koku, nangona kunjalo, ulawulo lomthwalo oguqukayo luyimfuneko yazo zonke izikhululo zokutshaja ezingena kwimarike.
Kukho umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu malunga nemeko yophuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo zokutshaja.EScandinavia, eNetherlands naseJamani, umzekelo, uphuhliso lweziseko zophuhliso sele luhambele phambili kakhulu.
Inzuzo yezibonelelo zokutshaja kukuba ukudala kunye nokufakwa kwayo akuthathi ixesha elide.Izitishi zokutshaja ecaleni kwendlela zinokucwangciswa kwaye zakhiwe ngeeveki okanye iinyanga, ngelixa izitishi zokutshaja ekhaya okanye emsebenzini zithatha ixesha elingaphantsi kunocwangciso kunye nokufakelwa.
Ke xa sithetha “ngeziseko zoncedo” asithethi ixesha ebelikade lithathwa ukwakha oohola bendlela kunye neebhulorho zemizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya.Ngoko ke namazwe asasilela ngasemva ayakwazi ukubamba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.
Kwixesha eliphakathi, iziseko ezingundoqo zokuhlawulisa uluntu ziya kuba naphi na apho kunengqiqo ngokwenene kubasebenzi kunye nabathengi.Uhlobo lokutshaja kwakhona kufuneka luhlengahlengiswe kwindawo: emva koko, inceda ntoni itshaja ye-11kW AC kwisikhululo segesi ukuba abantu bafuna nje ukumisa ikofu okanye ukuluma ukuze batye ngaphambi kohambo lwabo?
Nangona kunjalo, iitshaja zehotele okanye indawo yokuzonwabisa yokupaka iimoto zenza ingqiqo ngakumbi kuneetshaja zeDC ezikhawuleza kakhulu kodwa zibiza kakhulu: iipaki zeemoto zehotele, iindawo zolonwabo, iindawo ezinomtsalane kubakhenkethi, iivenkile ezinkulu, izikhululo zeenqwelo moya kunye neendawo zoshishino.Izikhululo zokutshaja ze-AC ezingama-20 ngexabiso le-HPC enye (i-High Power Charger).
Abasebenzisi bezithuthi zombane baqinisekisa ukuba ngomgama ophakathi kwansuku zonke we-30-40 km (18-25 miles), akukho mfuneko yokutyelela iindawo zokutshaja zikawonkewonke.Into ekufuneka uyenzile kukuqhola imoto yakho kwindawo yokutshaja ngexesha lasemini emsebenzini kwaye ihlala ixesha elide ekhaya ebusuku.Zombini zisebenzisa i-alternating current (alternating current), ecothayo kwaye ngaloo ndlela inceda ukwandisa ubomi bebhetri.
Izithuthi zombane kufuneka ekugqibeleni zibonwe zizonke.Yiyo loo nto ufuna uhlobo olululo lwesikhululo sokutshaja kwindawo elungileyo.Izikhululo zokutshaja ngoko ziyancedisana ukwenza uthungelwano oludibeneyo.
Yintoni eqinisekileyo, nangona kunjalo, kukuba ukutshaja kwe-AC ekhaya okanye emsebenzini kuya kuhlala kulukhetho olungabizi kakhulu kubasebenzisi njengoko amanani ahlukeneyo okutshaja abonelelwa kude kube ngu-2025, ukunciphisa ukutshaja okuxhaswa ngegridi.isixa samandla avuselelekayo akhoyo kwigridi, ixesha lemini okanye lobusuku kunye nomthwalo kwigridi, ukuhlawula ngelo xesha ngokuzenzekelayo kunciphisa iindleko.
Kukho izizathu zobugcisa, uqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo koku, kunye ne-semi-autonomous (ingqondi) yokutshaja ishedyuli phakathi kwezithuthi, abaqhubi besikhululo sokutshaja kunye nabaqhubi begridi kunokuba luncedo.
Ngelixa phantse i-10% yazo zonke izithuthi ezithengiswa kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2021 ziya kuba zizithuthi zombane, kuphela yi-0.3% yezithuthi ezinzima eziya kuthengiswa kwihlabathi jikelele.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iimoto zombane ezinombane ziye zafakwa kuphela ngamanani amakhulu eTshayina ngenkxaso karhulumente.Amanye amazwe abhengeze izicwangciso zokufaka umbane iimoto ezinkulu, kwaye abavelisi bandisa uluhlu lwemveliso yabo.
Ngokumalunga nokukhula, silindele ukuba inani lezithuthi zombane ezinzima endleleni linyuke ngo-2030. Xa iindlela zombane ezizezinye kwizithuthi zedizili ezinzima zifikelela kwinqanaba lokuqhawula, oko kukuthi, xa zinexabiso eliphantsi lilonke lobunini, ukhetho luya kuhambela phambili. umbane.Ngo-2026, phantse zonke iimeko zokusetyenziswa kunye neemeko zomsebenzi ziya kufikelela ngokuthe ngcembe kule ndawo yokutshintsha.Yiyo loo nto, ngokutsho koqikelelo, ukwamkelwa kweemoto zombane kula macandelo kuya kunyuka kakhulu kunoko sikubonileyo kwiimoto zabahambi ngaphambili.
I-US ngummandla oye wasala emva kweYurophu ekuphuhliseni izithuthi zombane.Nangona kunjalo, idatha yangoku ibonisa ukuba ukuthengiswa kweemoto zombane zase-US kukhule ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yamuva.
Iibhilikhwe eziphantsi zokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye namaxabiso egesi aphezulu, singasathethi ke ngobuninzi beemveliso ezintsha nezinyanzelisayo ezifana nomgca ogcweleyo weeveni kunye neelori, zenze umfutho omtsha wokwamkelwa kwezithuthi zombane eMelika.Isabelo semarike ye-EV esele inomtsalane kunxweme olusentshona nolusempuma ngoku lutshintshela ngaphakathi elizweni.
Kwiindawo ezininzi, izithuthi zombane zizona zikhethwa kakhulu, kungekhona nje ngenxa yezizathu zokusingqongileyo, kodwa nangenxa yezoqoqosho kunye nokusebenza.Iziseko zokutshaja iimoto zombane nazo zanda ngokukhawuleza e-US, kwaye umceli mngeni kukugcina imfuno ekhulayo.
Okwangoku, i-China ikwimeko yokudodobala okuncinci koqoqosho, kodwa kwiminyaka emihlanu ezayo iya kujika isuka kumthengisi wemoto ukuya kumthengisi wemoto.Imfuno yasekhaya kulindeleke ukuba ibuyiselwe kwaye ibonise amazinga okukhula okuqinileyo kwangoko ngo-2023, ngelixa abavelisi baseTshayina beza kufumana isabelo esonyukayo semarike eYurophu, e-US, e-Asia, e-Oceania nase-Indiya kwiminyaka ezayo.
Ngo-2027, iChina inokuthatha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20% yemarike kwaye ibe ngumdlali obalaseleyo ekuveliseni izinto ezintsha kunye nokuhamba okutsha kwixesha eliphakathi ukuya kwixesha elide.Kusenokuba nzima ngakumbi kwii-OEM zaseYurophu kunye nezaseMelika ukukhuphisana nabakhuphisana nabo: ngokumalunga nezinto eziphambili ezinje ngebhetri kunye ne-electronics, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nokuqhuba ngokuzimela, i-China ayikude nje kuphela kodwa, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ngokukhawuleza.
Ngaphandle kokuba ii-OEMs zesiNtu zinokwandisa kakhulu ukuguquguquka kwazo ekuveliseni izinto ezintsha, i-China iya kuba nakho ukuthatha i-chunk enkulu yepayi kwixesha eliphakathi ukuya kwixesha elide.